in altercations, ceremonies and parade."- L'Intrigue du Cabinet,
vol. i. p. 329.

  10. There is a single idea, which, if it strikes rightly upon the
mind, either in a legal or a religious sense, will prevent any man
or any body of men, or any government, from going wrong on the subject
of religion; which is, that before any human institutions of
government were known in the world, there existed, if I may so express
it, a compact between God and man, from the beginning of time: and
that as the relation and condition which man in his individual
person stands in towards his Maker cannot be changed by any human laws
or human authority, that religious devotion, which is a part of this
compact, cannot so much as be made a subject of human laws; and that
all laws must conform themselves to this prior existing compact, and
not assume to make the compact conform to the laws, which, besides
being human, are subsequent thereto. The first act of man, when he
looked around and saw himself a creature which he did not make, and
a world furnished for his reception, must have been devotion; and
devotion must ever continue sacred to every individual man, as it
appears, right to him; and governments do mischief by interfering.

  11. See this work, Part I starting at line number 254.- N.B. Since
the taking of the Bastille, the occurrences have been published: but
the matters recorded in this narrative, are prior to that period;
and some of them, as may be easily seen, can be but very little known.

  12. See "Estimate of the Comparative Strength of Great Britain,"
by G. Chalmers.

  13. See "Administration of the Finances of France," vol. iii, by
M. Neckar.

  14. "Administration of the Finances of France," vol. iii.

  15. Whether the English commerce does not bring in money, or whether
the government sends it out after it is brought in, is a matter
which the parties concerned can best explain; but that the
deficiency exists, is not in the power of either to disprove. While
Dr. Price, Mr. Eden, (now Auckland), Mr. Chalmers, and others, were
debating whether the quantity of money in England was greater or
less than at the Revolution, the circumstance was not adverted to,
that since the Revolution, there cannot have been less than four
hundred millions sterling imported into Europe; and therefore the
quantity in England ought at least to have been four times greater
than it was at the Revolution, to be on a proportion with Europe. What
England is now doing by paper, is what she would have been able to
do by solid money, if gold and silver had come into the nation in
the proportion it ought, or had not been sent out; and she is
endeavouring to restore by paper, the balance she has lost by money.
It is certain, that the gold and silver which arrive annually in the
register-ships to Spain and Portugal, do not remain in those
countries. Taking the value half in gold and half in silver, it is
about four hundred tons annually; and from the number of ships and
galloons employed in the trade of bringing those metals from
South-America to Portugal and Spain, the quantity sufficiently
proves itself, without referring to the registers.

  In the situation England now is, it is impossible she can increase
in money. High taxes not only lessen the property of the
individuals, but they lessen also the money capital of the nation,
by inducing smuggling, which can only be carried on by gold and
silver. By the politics which the British Government have carried on
with the Inland Powers of Germany and the Continent, it has made an
enemy of all the Maritime Powers, and is therefore obliged to keep
up a large navy; but though the navy is built in England, the naval
stores must be purchased from abroad, and that from countries where
the greatest part must be paid for in gold and silver. Some fallacious
rumours have been set afloat in England to induce a belief in money,
and, among others, that of the French refugees bringing great
quantities. The idea is ridiculous. The general part of the money in
France is silver; and it would take upwards of twenty of the largest
broad wheel wagons, with ten horses each, to remove one million
sterling of silver. Is it then to be supposed, that a few people
fleeing on horse-back or in post-chaises, in a secret manner, and
having the French Custom-House to pass, and the sea to cross, could
bring even a sufficiency for their own expenses?

  When millions of money are spoken of, it should be recollected, that
such sums can only accumulate in a country by slow degrees, and a long
procession of time. The most frugal system that England could now
adopt, would not recover in a century the balance she has lost in
money since the commencement of the Hanover succession. She is seventy
millions behind France, and she must be in some considerable
proportion behind every country in Europe, because the returns of
the English mint do not show an increase of money, while the registers
of Lisbon and Cadiz show an European increase of between three and
four hundred millions sterling.

  16. That part of America which is generally called New-England,
including New-Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode-Island, and Connecticut,
is peopled chiefly by English descendants. In the state of New-York
about half are Dutch, the rest English, Scotch, and Irish. In
New-jersey, a mixture of English and Dutch, with some Scotch and
Irish. In Pennsylvania about one third are English, another Germans,
and the remainder Scotch and Irish, with some Swedes. The States to
the southward have a greater proportion of English than the middle
States, but in all of them there is a mixture; and besides those
enumerated, there are a considerable number of French, and some few of
all the European nations, lying on the coast. The most numerous
religious denomination are the Presbyterians; but no one sect is