he was instantly sacrificed. Tyler appears to have been an intrepid
disinterested man with respect to himself. All his proposals made to
Richard were on a more just and public ground than those which had
been made to John by the Barons, and notwithstanding the sycophancy of
historians and men like Mr. Burke, who seek to gloss over a base
action of the Court by traducing Tyler, his fame will outlive their
falsehood. If the Barons merited a monument to be erected at
Runnymede, Tyler merited one in Smithfield.

  32. I happened to be in England at the celebration of the
centenary of the Revolution of 1688. The characters of William and
Mary have always appeared to be detestable; the one seeking to destroy
his uncle, and the other her father, to get possession of power
themselves; yet, as the nation was disposed to think something of that
event, I felt hurt at seeing it ascribe the whole reputation of it
to a man who had undertaken it as a job and who, besides what he
otherwise got, charged six hundred thousand pounds for the expense
of the fleet that brought him from Holland. George the First acted the
same close-fisted part as William had done, and bought the Duchy of
Bremen with the money he got from England, two hundred and fifty
thousand pounds over and above his pay as king, and having thus
purchased it at the expense of England, added it to his Hanoverian
dominions for his own private profit. In fact, every nation that
does not govern itself is governed as a job. England has been the prey
of jobs ever since the Revolution.

  33. Charles, like his predecessors and successors, finding that
war was the harvest of governments, engaged in a war with the Dutch,
the expense of which increased the annual expenditure to L1,800,000 as
stated under the date of 1666; but the peace establishment was but
L1,200,000.

  34. Poor-rates began about the time of Henry VIII., when the taxes
began to increase, and they have increased as the taxes increased ever
since.

  35. Reckoning the taxes by families, five to a family, each family
pays on an average L12 7s. 6d. per annum. To this sum are to be
added the poor-rates. Though all pay taxes in the articles they
consume, all do not pay poor-rates. About two millions are exempted-
some as not being house-keepers, others as not being able, and the
poor themselves who receive the relief. The average, therefore, of
poor-rates on the remaining number, is forty shillings for every
family of five persons, which make the whole average amount of taxes
and rates L14 17s. 6d. For six persons L17 17s. For seven persons
L2O 16s. 6d.

  The average of taxes in America, under the new or representative
system of government, including the interest of the debt contracted in
the war, and taking the population at four millions of souls, which it
now amounts to, and it is daily increasing, is five shillings per
head, men, women, and children. The difference, therefore, between the
two governments is as under:

                                        England      America

                                      L    s.  d.  L    s.  d.

    For a family of five persons     14   17   6   1    5   0

    For a family of six persons      17   17   0   1   10   0

    For a family of seven persons    20   16   6   1   15   0

  36. Public schools do not answer the general purpose of the poor.
They are chiefly in corporation towns from which the country towns and
villages are excluded, or, if admitted, the distance occasions a great
loss of time. Education, to be useful to the poor, should be on the
spot, and the best method, I believe, to accomplish this is to
enable the parents to pay the expenses themselves. There are always
persons of both sexes to be found in every village, especially when
growing into years, capable of such an undertaking. Twenty children at
ten shillings each (and that not more than six months each year) would
be as much as some livings amount to in the remotest parts of England,
and there are often distressed clergymen's widows to whom such an
income would be acceptable. Whatever is given on this account to
children answers two purposes. To them it is education- to those who
educate them it is a livelihood.

  37. The tax on beer brewed for sale, from which the aristocracy
are exempt, is almost one million more than the present commutation
tax, being by the returns of 1788, L1,666,152- and, consequently, they
ought to take on themselves the amount of the commutation tax, as they
are already exempted from one which is almost a million greater.

  38. See the Reports on the Corn Trade.

  39. When enquiries are made into the condition of the poor,
various degrees of distress will most probably be found, to render a
different arrangement preferable to that which is already proposed.
Widows with families will be in greater want than where there are
husbands living. There is also a difference in the expense of living
in different counties: and more so in fuel.

  Suppose then fifty thousand extraordinary cases, at

    the rate of ten pounds per family per annum            L500,000

  100,000 families, at L8 per family per annum              800,000